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Ghana in the mind of Nigeria
As United States President Barrack Obama sideline
Africa’s giant, Nigeria, and instead makes his first
African visit to Ghana, it has unmasked the long
friction between the two countries. But the deeper truth
is that the two countries need each other. The two
countries admire each more than either realizes, and in
some ways, their ties are stronger.
By Kofi Akosah-Sarpong
US President Barack Obama making his first visit to
sub-Sahara Africa to Ghana over continental giant
Nigeria has opened the old rivalry between the two
countries. The current rivalry isn’t Nigeria’s large
population (over 150 million against Ghana’s over 22
million) or Nigeria’s rich petro-dollars but the health
of each country’s governance, institutions and image
abroad.
No one studying the cultural map of the two countries
would make the mistake that the two countries come from
different universe. Paradoxically, despite this, their
everyday lives make them come from different world
values, each the other’s anti-world: Ghana inclusive,
heterogeneous, medium sized, not-so-tribal, simple, less
dense sphere, liberal, somehow focused; Nigeria a giant
of huge distances, extroverted, messy, exclusive,
wasteful, unfocused, oil rich, tribal, chaotically
diverse.
Yet in the years after independence (Ghana in 1957,
Nigeria in 1960), the two countries became sisters of
Africa’s free world, Ghana rallying its Pan-African
ideals for larger continental freedom from colonial
rule, Nigeria vigorously taking on South Africa’s
horrendous apartheid system. They collaborated in
diverse continental projects – from the Organization of
African Unity to Africa Union to the Economic Community
of West African States to interventions in the civil
wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea Bissau, and Ivory
Coast.
Over the years, the two peoples have accomplished
development convergence after all: they met on hard
surfaces of progress – Nigerians fraught with the
complexity of their socio-cultural make-up despite their
immense oil flow, Ghanaians struggling to contain their
near-Sisyphusian progress despite their gold and cocoa.
For sometime, in the 1960s Ghana was rich and waned,
beginning in the 1970s Nigeria swims in petro-dollars
but general deep-seated socio-economic despair prevail.
In all this, each suffered inferiority complex against
each other, Nigerian labour helped developed Ghanaian
cocoa industry and later Ghanaian labour helped powered
Nigerian industries and infrastructural development
driven by petro-dollars.
But in each other’s mind they remained mutually
uncomprehending presences. Ghanaians and Nigerians
tended to misrepresent each other, always getting things
just a little off. Omon Ghana, shouts the Nigerian;
alatta ne, yelled the Ghanaian. Such unpalatable
atmosphere became more pronounced when following the
overthrow of President Hilla Limann, Nigeria under
President Shehu Shagari, protested and caught off oil
supplies to Ghana and expulsed more than one million
Ghanaian immigrants in early 1983, when Ghana was facing
severe drought and economic problems, and another
300,000 in early 1985 on short notice. Ghana under Prime
Minister Kofi Busia introduced the Aliens Compliance
Order in 1970 that saw over 150,000 Nigerians expulsed.
The foolhardiness of these expulsions and
counter-expulsions affected each others development.
Regardless of this, the mutuality between Nigerians and
Ghanaians has been all right as long as admiration and
difference remained, as long as nervous laughter smooths
the way.
Now the burning issue is the quality of governance and
as each country struggles to develop, the technicalities
of democracy, rule of law, freedoms and human rights, as
globally affirmed catalysts for progress, more so in
view of Africa’s ethnic make-ups, histories and culture,
have become the deciding factors in driving progress.
Nigeria and Ghana are each increasingly seen
domestically and internationally in this light. Despite
the contention that Ghana cannot be compared to Nigeria
because of Nigeria’s complexities and size, Ghana is
viewed continentally and internationally as doing better
than Nigeria; that’s why Obama choose Ghana over Nigeria
in his first sub-Sahara Africa visit.
Obama told the
Washington-based allafrica.com why he choose Ghana,
“Well, part of it is lifting up successful models. And
so, by traveling to Ghana, we hope to highlight the
effective governance that they have in place. I don't
think that we can expect that every country is going to
undergo these transitions in the same way at the same
time. But we have seen progress in democracy and
transparency and rule of law, in the protection of
property rights, in anti-corruption efforts…And I think
that there is a direct correlation between governance
and prosperity. Countries that are governed well, that
are stable, where the leadership recognizes that they
are accountable to the people and that institutions are
stronger than any one person have a track record of
producing results for the people. And we want to
highlight that.”
At issue isn’t oil or cocoa but values,
democratic/governance values that will spur prosperity
and help refine the illiberalities within the two
countries systems that have stifled progress for the
past 50 years and made them and Africa the poorest place
on earth. It is in such atmosphere that Nigeria, despite
its immense oil wealth, nonetheless, feels somehow
diminished in its own eyes and in the international
system. The old enemy of imperialism is gone; the new
enemy is anti-democracy, poor governance, weak rule of
law, poor human rights, unfreedoms, and certain cultural
values that inhibit progress.
Becoming a familiar line across both Ghana and Nigeria,
Gabby Otchere-Darko, head of the Accra-based Danquah
Institute, a pro-democracy policy development outfit,
and editor-in-chief of The Statesman, argues why Obama
choose Ghana over Nigeria, “The message should be clear
to our leaders that it is not your population, the size
of your territory, your richness in mineral resources or
your claim to being a giant that the world is interested
in. It is good governance, purposeful leadership arising
from free and fair elections, zero tolerance for
corruption and continuous strengthening of democracy,
which are apparent in Ghana but alien to Nigeria.”
Like Otchere-Darko, some Ghanaians politicians,
journalists and elites, who have worked in Nigeria
during its initial oil boom in the 1970s, have become
open in their contempt for Nigeria (as a brotherly act),
– or what they consider Nigeria’s self-indulgence, moral
filth and disturbing indiscipline. Benjamin Tawiah, a
columnist for ghanaweb.com and modernghana.com, writing
in the wake of Obama choosing Ghana over Nigeria,
invoked Nigeria Nobel Prize laureate, Wole Soyinka’s
caricature of his critics for supporting Obama’s choice
of Ghana over Nigeria by comparing Nigeria with
chichidodo, a Ghanaian mythical bird that detests shit
yet only eats worms. The import here is that the problem
isn’t with Obama but Nigerians themselves.
For the past 50 years, as Nigeria fails to invest in
itself by providing the necessary socio-economic values,
its businesses and peoples are increasingly moving to
Ghana, where there are reasonably better infrastructure,
good governance, human rights, freedoms and the rule of
law. Writes Tawiah, “…Nigerians are relocating their
families and businesses to Ghana. Tyre manufacturers
Dunlop Nigeria have moved base to Ghana while several
Nigerian companies are in queue to relocate. Then
recently, we read that the educational system in Nigeria
is getting so bad that most Nigerians are prepared to
pay in excess of US$6,000 to sponsor their wards in
Ghanaian universities. Today, most Ghanaians have
Nigerian neighbours, especially those in the
middle-upper class neighbourhoods.”
Nigerians used to feel proprietary about Ghanaians. At
sometime in the 1970s, as Nigeria’s oil wealth boomed,
over one million Ghanaians lived in Nigeria and remitted
money and goods back home. Ghanaians depended on
depending on Nigerians, and Nigerians depended on being
depended upon. In 2009, Nigerians have disconcerted
sense that their relationship with Ghanaians has been
turned upside down. The “Black Star of Africa” has
rejuvenated itself as Africa’s democratic light, against
its 1960s emotionally-charged socialist-driven Pan-Africanist
rhetoric, and performed some sort of Japanese jujitsu on
Nigeria by overturning Nigeria’s “Giant of Africa”
picture and overlord image and instead utilize the
principles of equilibrium, weight, and thrust to
overcome Nigeria.
While for sometime, before the over one million
Ghanaians were expulsed from Nigeria, Nigerians tend to
react to Ghanaians inroads with an impolite, complex
dislike, or with anger, bigotry, and vexation, today it
is different. The Accra-based Nigeria
journalist-businessman, Chief Dele Momodu,
editor-in-chief of Ovation International, writes in the
face of Ghanaians turning their misfortunes around over
the past 20 years that, “Nigerians would recall how in
the eighties, Ghanaians had become economic refugees in
Nigeria. Graduates among them took up menial jobs in
Nigerian cities, jobs that Nigerian graduates would
never accept: shoe-mending, site labourers, messengers.
But the average Ghanaian had no option… Democracy had
been restored. Ghana had found its feet. That country’s
success is to be measured in terms of the reversal of
roles between it and Nigeria. Today, many Nigerians are
rushing to Ghana, not as refugees, thank God, but in
search of a more enabling environment for
self-actualization.”
Despite Nigerian alarm and anti-Ghanaian feeling over
the years, a strain of ambivalence and self-criticism
runs through Nigerian opinion. For one thing,
anti-Ghanaian shrugs can be very complicated in the
emerging African democratic scene. Writes Momodu,
“Comparing Ghana and Nigeria is fast becoming for me an
interesting sport, but is it not the case that it is
through such comparisons that useful light can be thrown
on human circumstances?” Femi Akomolafe, of the Nigerian
Television Newsfile, in an introductory remarks before
an interview with some Nigerian political heavy-weights
over Obama going to Ghana instead of Nigeria, notes
that, “To African watchers, this is regarded as a big
snub to Nigeria.”
The real astonishment is the degree to which a contempt
of Ghana vanished in Nigeria. Peculiarly, Nigerians are
now in many ways more anti-Nigerian than anti-Ghanaian.
There is even a danger that Nigerians in a
self-flagellation mood have become biased against
themselves. The remorseful self-accusation is repeated
across Nigeria. Being messed up, inhibited by certain
dark cultural practices, mortgaging the future of the
country through immense corruption, despair in the face
of massive oil wealth, complicated governance troubles,
the “Giant of Africa” has lost a certain amount of face
in their own estimation. Nigeria have become outdone by
Ghana, Nigerians grumble, in a way they wouldn’t have
thought possible some years ago.
Nigerian-Ghanaian dealings are today troubled by the
differences of the strength of democratic practices, the
rule of law, human rights and freedoms – and the
Ghanaians are increasingly mastering the nuances of
democracy, artfully, within the shade of their of own
inscrutability. Both Nigeria and Ghana, and by extension
Africa, will profit if the mystique is cleared by some
painful truth, as the Barack Obama visit to Ghana has
opened.
Kofi Akosah-Sarpong,
Canada, July 6, 2009
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